Stat Trek

Teach yourself statistics

Stat Trek

Teach yourself statistics

Sampling Distribution: Difference Between Proportions

Statistics problems often involve comparisons between sample proportions from two independent populations. This lesson describes the sampling distribution for the difference between sample proportions and explains how to compute the standard error for the difference between sample proportions.

Sampling Distribution: Difference Between Proportions

Suppose we have two populations with proportions equal to P1 and P2. Suppose further that we take all possible samples of size n1 and n2. And finally, suppose that the following assumptions are valid.

  • The samples from each population are big enough to justify using a normal distribution to model differences between proportions. The sample sizes will be big enough when the following conditions are met: n1P1 > 10, n1(1 -P1) > 10, n2P2 > 10, and n2(1 - P2) > 10. (This criterion requires that at least 20 observations be sampled from each population. When P1 or P2 is more extreme than 0.5, even more observations are required.)
  • The samples are independent; that is, observations selected from population 1 are not affected by observations selected from population 2, and vice versa.

Given these assumptions, we know the following about the sampling distribution for the difference between sample proportions.

  • The sampling distribution for the difference between independent sample proportions will be approximately normally distributed. We know this from the central limit theorem.
  • The expected value of the difference between all possible sample proportions is equal to the difference between population proportions. Thus, E(p1 - p2) = P1 - P2.

Standard Deviation of Sampling Distribution

When population sizes are large relative to sample sizes, the standard deviation of the difference between sample proportions (σd) is approximately equal to:

σd = sqrt{ [P1(1 - P1) / n1] + [P2(1 - P2) / n2] }

It is straightforward to derive this equation, based on material covered in previous lessons. The derivation starts with a recognition that the variance of the difference between independent random variables is equal to the sum of the individual variances. Thus,

σ2d = σ2P1 - P2 = σ21 + σ22

If the populations N1 and N2 are both large relative to n1 and n2, respectively, then

σ21 = P1(1 - P1) / n1       And       σ22 = P2(1 - P2) / n2

In this context, a population is considered to be "large" relative to a sample if it is at least 20 times bigger than the sample.

Therefore,

σ2d = [ P1(1 - P1) / n1 ] + [ P2(1 - P2) / n2 ]
And
σd = sqrt{ [ P1(1 - P1) / n1 ] + [ P2(1 - P2) / n2 ] }

Bottom line: We can use the formula above to compute the standard deviation of a the sampling distribution for the difference between population proportions if:

  • N1 is large relative to n1, and N2 is large relative to n2.
  • We know each sample size (n1 and n2).
  • We know the population proportions (P1 and P1).

Standard Error of Sampling Distribution

Typically, we don't know the values for population parameters P1 or P2. And, if we don't know P1 and P2, we cannot compute the standard deviation of the difference between sample proportions (σd).

However, we can compute sample estimates of P1 and P2 from sample data. Substituting those estimates into the equation for σd, we get:

SEd = sqrt{ [ p1(1 - p1) / n1 ] + [ p2(1 - p2) / n2 ] }

In this equation, p1 is the sample estimate of P1, p2 is the sample estimate of P2, and SEd is a sample estimate of σd, the standard deviation of the difference between sample proportions. SEd is the standard error of the difference between sample proportions.

Reminder: This formula for standard error assumes that N1 is large relative to n1, and N2 is large relative to n2.

In future lessons, you will see that being able to compute the standard error from sample data is essential for inferential statistics. It will allow us to compute confidence intervals for the difference between proportions and to test hypotheses about the difference between proportions.

Summary of Key Points

The key takeaways from this lesson are summarized below.

  • The sampling distribution for the difference between sample proportions will be normally distributed when:
    • The samples from each population are large (at least 20 when population proportions are close to 0.5; and larger when proportions are more extreme).
    • The samples are independent.
  • If each population is large relative to its sample, the standard error of the sampling distribution can be computed from the following formula:

    SEd = sqrt{ [ p1(1 - p1) / n1 ] + [ p2(1 - p2) / n2 ] }

    A population is considered "large" if it is at least 20 times bigger than its sample.

Difference Between Proportions: Sample Problem

In this section, we work through a sample problem to show how to apply the theory presented above. In this example, we will use Stat Trek's Normal Distribution Calculator to compute probabilities.

Normal Distribution Calculator

The normal calculator solves common statistical problems, based on the normal distribution. The calculator computes cumulative probabilities, based on three simple inputs. Simple instructions guide you to an accurate solution, quickly and easily. If anything is unclear, frequently-asked questions and sample problems provide straightforward explanations. The calculator is free. It can found in the Stat Trek main menu under the Stat Tools tab. Or you can tap the button below.

Normal Distribution Calculator

Sample Problem

In one state, 52% of the voters are Republicans, and 48% are Democrats. In a second state, 47% of the voters are Republicans, and 53% are Democrats. Suppose 100 voters are surveyed from each state. Assume the survey uses simple random sampling.

What is the probability that the survey will show a greater percentage of Republican voters in the second state than in the first state?

(A) 0.04
(B) 0.05
(C) 0.24
(D) 0.71
(E) 0.76

Solution

The correct answer is C. For this analysis, let P1 = the proportion of Republican voters in the first state, P2 = the proportion of Republican voters in the second state, p1 = the proportion of Republican voters in the sample from the first state, and p2 = the proportion of Republican voters in the sample from the second state. The number of voters sampled from the first state (n1) = 100, and the number of voters sampled from the second state (n2) = 100.

The solution involves four steps.

  • Make sure the samples from each population are big enough to model differences with a normal distribution. Because n1P1 = 100 * 0.52 = 52, n1(1 - P1) = 100 * 0.48 = 48, n2P2 = 100 * 0.47 = 47, and n2(1 - P2) = 100 * 0.53 = 53 are each greater than 10, the sample size is large enough.
  • Find the mean of the difference in sample proportions: E(p1 - p2) = P1 - P2 = 0.52 - 0.47 = 0.05.
  • Find the standard deviation of the difference.

    σd = sqrt{ [ P1(1 - P1) / n1 ] + [ P2(1 - P2) / n2 ] }

    σd = sqrt{[(0.52)(0.48) / 100] + [(0.47)(0.53) / 100]}

    σd = sqrt (0.002496 + 0.002491)

    σd = sqrt(0.004987) = 0.0706

  • Find the probability. This problem requires us to find the probability that p1 is less than p2. This is equivalent to finding the probability that p1 - p2 is less than zero. To find this probability, we need to transform the random variable (p1 - p2) into a z-score. That transformation appears below.

    zp1 - p2 = (x - μp1 - p2) / σd

    zp1 - p2 = (0 - 0.05)/0.0706 = -0.7082

We can use Stat Trek's Normal Distribution Calculator to find the probability of a z-score being -0.7082 or less. We know that the z-score is -0.7082, the mean of a z-score is 0, and the standard deviation of a z-score is 1. We plug those numbers into the calculator, as shown below.

Normal Distribution Calculator

The calculator tells us that the probability of finding a z-score less than -0.7082 is 0.23941. Therefore, the probability that the survey will show a greater percentage of Republican voters in the second state than in the first state is about 0.24.